"Get Your Goal"

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1.Latar Belakang Masuknya Bangsa Eropa ke Indonesia</div>
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                Dengan
jatuhnya kota Konstantinopel ke tangan kekuasaan Turki Usmani, maka berakhirlah
kekuasaan Kerajaan Romawi Timur. Hal ini juga berakibat tertutupnya perdagangan
di Laut Tengah bagi orang-orang Eropa  .
bangsa Turki menjalankan politik yang mempersulit pedagang Eropa beroperasi di
daerah kekuasaannya.</div>
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                Faktor
– factor yang mendorong orang – orang Eropa mengadakan penjelajahan samudera
pada akhir abad ke-16 di antaranya :</div>
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a.<span style="font-size: 7pt;">      
</span>Jatuhnya kota Konstantinopel tahun 1453 ke
tangan penguasa Turki Usmani.</div>
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b.<span style="font-size: 7pt;">     
</span>Kisah perjalanan Marco Polo ke dunia Timur,
yaitu perjalanan kembalinya Marco Polo dari negeri Cina melalui pelayaran atau
lautan</div>
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c.<span style="font-size: 7pt;">      
</span>Penemuan Copernicus yang didukung oleh Galileo,
yang menyatakan bahwa bumi ini bulat</div>
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d.<span style="font-size: 7pt;">     
</span>Penemuan Kompas (penunjuk arah )</div>
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e.<span style="font-size: 7pt;">     
</span>Semangat Reconquesta, yaitu semangat pembalasan
terhadap kekuasaan islam dimanapun yang dijumpainya.</div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">a.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">     </span></span>Penjelajahan
Bangsa Spanyol<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Ketika
Colombus tiba di Kepulauan Bahama, ia merasa dirinya telah sampai di Kepulauan
Hindia yang merupakan sumber rempah – rempah. Selanjutnya, Kepulauan Bahama
lebih dikenal dengan sebutan Hindia Barat oleh orang – orang Eropa.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Sejak
Colombus menemukan kepulauan ini, maka pelaut – pelaut berikutnya hanya sampai
berlayar di kepulauan ini seperti :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">     </span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Cortez
menduduki Mexico pada tahun 1519 dengan menaklukkan suku Indian yaitu Kerajaaan
Aztec dan suku Maya di Yucatan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">     </span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Pizzaro,
pada tahun 1530 menaklukan kerajaan Indian di Peru yang bernama Kerajaan Inca.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Kemudian
penjelajahan bangsa Spanyol dilanjutkan oleh Ferdinand Magelhaens. Dari
pelayaran Colombus itulah Magelhaens mengatakan bahwa wilayah Hindia hanya
dapat ditemukan dengan melalui ujung Amerika bagian  Selatan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Pada
tahun 1519, rombongan Magelhaens atas nama raja Spanyol, memulai pelayarannya
menuju ke daerah Hindia. Pada tahun 1520 mereka telah tiba di kepulauan
Filipina. Magelhaens mendirikan tugu peringatan dan menyatakan bahwa daerah itu
menjadi milik raja Spanyol. Ketika rombongan Magelhaens tiba di Filipina, ia
menemukan keadaan te4gang dan kacau akibat persaingan dan pertentangan di
antara kerajaan – kerajaan di Filipina. Dalam pertentangan itu, Magelhaens
memihak salah satu kerajaan dan dalam perang yang terjadi itu ia mati terbunuh
dan pemimpin yang baru bernama Sebastian d’Elcano yang kemudian melanjutkan
pelayarannya kea rah selatan dan sampai di kepulauan Maluku pada 1521. Namun di
Maluku telah berkuasa bangsa Portugis yang telah tiba sejak tahun 1512.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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b.<span style="font-size: 7pt;">     
</span>Penjelajahan Bangsa Portugis</div>
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Setelah
perjanjian Thordesillas pelaut – pelaut portugis di bawah pimpinan
Barrtholomeus Diaz mencoba mencari jalan keluar untuk menemukan dunia Timur.
Namun pelayaran Bartholomeus Diaz hanya sampai di ujung Afrika Selatan. Hal ini
disebabkan oleh besarnya gelombang ombak samudera Hindia , sehingga kapal –
kapal yang dibawa oleh Bartholomeus Diaz tidak berhasil melewatinya dan tanjung
itu diberi nama Tanjung Harapan (<i>cape of
good hope </i> atau tanjung harapan ). </div>
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Kegagalan
Bartholomeus Diaz untuk menemukan sumber rempah – rempah di dunia timur tidak
membuat surut tekad raja Portugis , terlebih lagi setelah mendengar berita
Colombus berhasil menemukan benua Amerika. Maka pada tahun 1498, raja Portugis
mengirim ekspidisinya di bawah kepimpinan Vasco De Gama. Ekspidisi ini berhasil
mendarat di Kalkula (India) tahun 1498. Dengan kenyataan ini bangsa Portugis
belum merasa puas dan ingin mendapatkan serta menemukan sendiri pusat rempah –
rempah itu. Maka pada tahun 1511 bangsa portugis mengirim ekspidisi di bawah
pimpinan Alfonso d’Albuquerque, mengikuti perjalanan para pedagang Islam dan
berhasil menduduki Malaka, pusat perdagangan islam di Asia Tenggara dan
melanjutkan pelayarannya ke Maluku dan tiba di Ternate (Maluku) tahun 1512.</div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">B</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.5pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">angsa Portugis
adalah bangsa Eropa pertama yang tiba di Nusantara, dan mencoba mendominasi
sumber-sumber rempah-rempah berharg</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">a</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.5pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.5pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">dan berusaha menyebarkan</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.5pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Katolik Roma</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.5pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. Percobaan awal
bangsa Portugis mendirikan koalisi dan perjanjian damai pada tahun 1512 dengan</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.5pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Kerajaan Sunda </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.5pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">di</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.5pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Parahyangan</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.5pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.5pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">gagal akibat sikap
permusuhan yang ditunjukkan oleh sejumlah pemerintahan Islam di</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.5pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Jawa</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.5pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, seperti</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.5pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Demak </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.5pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">dan</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.5pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Banten</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.5pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. Bangsa Portugis
mengalihkan arah ke</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.5pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Kepulauan
Maluku</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.5pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, yang terdiri atas berbagai kumpulan</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.5pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> negara </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.5pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">yang awalnya berperang
satu sama lain namun memelihara perdagangan antarpulau dan internasional.
Melalui penaklukan militer dan persekutuan dengan penguasa setempat, mereka
mendirikan pos, benteng, dan misi perdagangan di</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.5pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Indonesia Timur</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.5pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, termasuk</span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulau" title="Pulau"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.5pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Pulau</span></a><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.5pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Ternate</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.5pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.5pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Ambon</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.5pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, dan</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.5pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Solor</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.5pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. Namun, puncak
kegiatan misi Portugis dimulai pada paruh terakhir abad ke-16, setelah langkah
penaklukan militernya di kepulauan tersebut gagal dan kepentingan Asia Timur
mereka berpindah ke</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.5pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Jepang</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.5pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.5pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Makau</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.5pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, dan</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.5pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Tiongkok</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.5pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">; serta pada gilirannya</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.5pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> gula </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.5pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">di</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.5pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Brasil </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.5pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">dan</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.5pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">perdagangan budak Atlantik </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.5pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">mengalihkan perhatian mereka dari Nusantara. Di samping itu, bangsa Eropa
pertama yang tiba di</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.5pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Sulawesi
Utara </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.5pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">adalah Portugis.</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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c.<span style="font-size: 7pt;">      
</span>Kedatangan Bangsa Belanda di Indonesia</div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Setelah<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vereenigde_Oostindische_Compagnie" title="Vereenigde Oostindische Compagnie"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">VOC</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">(</span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vereenigde_Oostindische_Compagnie" title="Vereenigde Oostindische Compagnie"><i><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Vereenigde Oostindische Compagnie</span></i></a><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">) jatuh bangkrut dan
dibubarkan pada akhir<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abad_ke-18" title="Abad ke-18"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">abad ke-18</span></a><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">, tepatnya adalah
pada tahun</span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/1798" title="1798"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">1798</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">dan setelah kekuasaan<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Britania_Raya" title="Britania Raya"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Kerajaan Inggris</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">yang pendek di bawah<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gubernur-Jenderal" title="Gubernur-Jenderal"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Gubernur-Jenderal</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Stamford_Bingley_Raffles" title="Thomas Stamford Bingley Raffles"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Thomas Stamford Bingley Raffles</span></a><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">, pemerintah</span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belanda" title="Belanda"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Kerajaan Belanda</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">kemudian mengambil
alih kepemilikan<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vereenigde_Oostindische_Compagnie" title="Vereenigde Oostindische Compagnie"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">VOC</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">dan<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindia-Belanda" title="Hindia-Belanda"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Hindia-Belanda</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">pada tahun<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/1816" title="1816"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">1816</span></a><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">. Sejak saat itu, pemerintah</span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belanda" title="Belanda"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Kerajaan Belanda</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">berkuasa dan
berdaulat penuh atas wilayah<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindia-Belanda" title="Hindia-Belanda"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Hindia-Belanda</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">yang tertulis dalam
Undang-Undang Kerajaan Belanda tahun<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/1814" title="1814"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">1814</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">dan diamandemen tahun<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/1848" title="1848"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">1848</span></a><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/1872" title="1872"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">1872</span></a><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">, dan<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/1922" title="1922"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">1922</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">menurut perkembangan
wilayah<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindia-Belanda" title="Hindia-Belanda"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Hindia-Belanda</span></a><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Sebuah pemberontakan
di Jawa, yang terkenal dengan<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perang_Diponegoro" title="Perang Diponegoro"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Perang Diponegoro</span></a><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">, berhasil ditumpas
pada tahun<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/1825" title="1825"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">1825</span></a><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">-</span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/1830" title="1830"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">1830</span></a><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">. Setelah tahun</span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/1830" title="1830"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">1830</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">sistem<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanam_paksa" title="Tanam paksa"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">tanam paksa</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">yang dikenal sebagai<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><i>cultuurstelsel</i><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>dalam<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Belanda" title="Bahasa Belanda"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">bahasa Belanda</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">mulai diterapkan.
Dalam sistem ini, para penduduk dipaksa menanam hasil-hasil perkebunan yang
menjadi permintaan pasar dunia pada saat itu, seperti<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teh" title="Teh"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">teh</span></a><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kopi" title="Kopi"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">kopi</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">dll. Hasil tanaman
itu kemudian diekspor ke mancanegara. Sistem ini membawa kekayaan yang besar
kepada para pelaksananya - baik yang Belanda maupun yang Indonesia. Sistem
tanam paksa ini adalah monopoli pemerintah dan dihapuskan pada masa yang lebih
bebas setelah<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/1870" title="1870"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">1870</span></a><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Pada<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/1901" title="1901"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">1901</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">pihak Belanda
mengadopsi apa yang mereka sebut<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politik_Etis" title="Politik Etis"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Politik Etis</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">(bahasa Belanda:<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><i>Ethische Politiek</i>), yang
termasuk investasi yang lebih besar dalam pendidikan bagi orang-orang<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pribumi" title="Pribumi"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">pribumi</span></a><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">, dan sedikit
perubahan politik. Di bawah gubernur-jendral<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Benedictus_van_Heutsz" title="Johannes Benedictus van Heutsz"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">J.B. van Heutsz</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">pemerintah Hindia-Belanda
memperpanjang kekuasaan kolonial secara langsung di sepanjang Hindia-Belanda,
dan dengan itu mendirikan fondasi bagi negara Indonesia saat ini.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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d.<span style="font-size: 7pt;">     
</span>Kedatangan Bangsa Inggris di Indonesia</div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pemerintahan inggis  mulai
menguasai  Indonesia sejak tahun1811 pemerintahan inggis mengangkat 
Thomas Stamford raffles (TSR) sebagai gubernur jendral di Indonesia . ketika
TSR bekuasa sejak 17 september 1811, ia telah menempuh beberapa langkah 
yang di di pertibangkan, baik di bidang ekonomi,social dan budaya. Penyerahan
kembali wilayah</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Indonesia</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">yang
di kuyasai inggis di loaksanakan pada tahun 1816 dalam suatu penandatanganan
perjanjian. Pemerintah  di wakili oleh john fendall,  sedangkan pihak
dari belanda di wakili oleh Van der  Cappelen. Sejak tahun 1816, berhakir
kekuasaasn inggis di</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">indonesia</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pada tahun 1811 louis napoleon 
mencopot kedudukan daendels, dengan alasan terlalu keras  dalam
menjalankan pemerintahan. Sebagai gantinya, dianggap jenderal janssens. Dalam
masa pemerintahannya , janssens menghadapi  kesulitan memulihkan 
pertahan yang belum stabil.</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pada tanggal 3 agustus 1811 inggris
muncul di batapia. Peperangan tidak terlelakkan  lagi. Janssens kalah dan
menyerah dalam perjanjian tuntang. Bpulau jawapun berpindah tangan ke inggris.</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Wilayah bekas hindia-belanda di serahkan
kepada Thomas Stamford raffles sebagai penguasa baru. Raffles tidak begitu lama
memerintah hindia-belanda , karena di eropa sedang terjadi perubahan politik
baru, inggris dapat menguasai prancis.</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ingfgris kemudian mengadakan perjanjian
dengan belanda, yang di kenal dengan nama  perjanjian</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">London.</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Isinya: belanda akan menerima
kembali tanah jajahnya yang dulu direbut prancis.</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 19.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Penyerahan wilayah
hindia-belanda  dari Inggris kepada belanda berlangsung pada tanggal 9
agustus 1816. sejak peristiwa itu, berhakirlah penjajahan inggris di wilyah
hindia-belanda.</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pada tannggal 19 agustus 1816,
beslangsung penyerahaan kekuasaan  atasIndonesia</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">dari inggis kepada belanda. Pihak belanda d wakili
oleh sebuah komisariat jenderal yang  terdiri atas mr.elout, van der
capellen, dan buyskess.</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Sementara pihak inggris d
wakili  oleh john fendall.  Penyerahan kekuasaan itu  di adakan
d</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">London, inggis, yang kemudaian  dikenal dengan
convention of</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">London.  Penyerahaan kekuasaan itu dilakukan
setelah  kekuasaan kaisar  napoleon  bonaparter jatuh. Hal itu
berarti raja lowewijik napoleon di belanda juga berakhir.  Negeri
belanda  tidak lagi di kuasai  prancis.</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Benteng Marlborough ,saksi bisu
penjajahan inggris</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 19.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Benteng Marlborough merupakan
peninggalan sejarah kolonial Inggris terbesar di kawasan asia. Benteng
Marlborough berdiri dengan megahnya dan menghadap ke arah selatan, meliputi
area 31,5 Ha. Salah satu daya tarik benteng ini mempunyai tipikal abad 18 yang
berbentuk kura-kura. Lokasi benteng dipusat</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">kota</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">berbatasan
dengan Perkampungan</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">China, yang juga kawasan obyek wisata. Benteng ini
dibangun tahun 1714 – 1719 di bawah pimpinan Gubernur Joseph Collet. Di salah
satu kamar benteng ini pernah dihuni</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Presiden</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">RI</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">pertama
Ir. Soekarno ketika menjalani hukuman buangan masa penjajahan Belanda. Setelah
kemerdekaan Benteng</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Marlboroughdipugar oleh pemerintah dan menjadi salah
satu obyek wisata Kota Bengkulu.</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 19.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bengkulu adalah salah satu provinsi di
pulau Sumatera tepatnya di Sumatera bagian selatan. Di masa lalu daerah ini
pernah menjadi ajang persaingan dagang antara Inggris dan Belanda. Mereka
berusaha untuk menguasai komoditi (lada) yang ada di</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">sana. Tahun 1664 Belanda dengan VOC-nya mendirikan
kantor pelelangan di</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">sana. Tahun 1670 Sultan Banten mengeluarkan peraturan
transaksi lada yang baru. Peraturan itu membuat pihak Belanda mengalami
kerugian. Untuk itu, pada tahun yang (1670) Belanda meninggalkan Bengkulu.
Mereka pergi ke Banten dengan tujuan menguasainya. Di</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">sana</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Belanda
berhasil membuat Sultan Banten menandatangani perjanjian tentang hak monopoli
perdagangan oleh Belanda. Perjanjian itulah yang kemudian membuat perhatian
Belanda hanya tertuju pada Banten. Dan, kesempatan ini tidak disia-siakan oleh
Inggris, melalui EIC-nya, untuk masuk ke Bengkulu</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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A. Perkembangan Kolonialisme dan Imperialisme Barat di Indonesia

1.Latar Belakang Masuknya Bangsa Eropa ke Indonesia Dengan jatuhnya kota Konstantinopel ke tangan kekuasaan Turki Usmani...

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